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diff --git a/deps/libchdr/deps/zstd-1.5.5/contrib/largeNbDicts/largeNbDicts.c b/deps/libchdr/deps/zstd-1.5.5/contrib/largeNbDicts/largeNbDicts.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eeaaf718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deps/libchdr/deps/zstd-1.5.5/contrib/largeNbDicts/largeNbDicts.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1085 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under both the BSD-style license (found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree) and the GPLv2 (found
+ * in the COPYING file in the root directory of this source tree).
+ * You may select, at your option, one of the above-listed licenses.
+ */
+
+/* largeNbDicts
+ * This is a benchmark test tool
+ * dedicated to the specific case of dictionary decompression
+ * using a very large nb of dictionaries
+ * thus suffering latency from lots of cache misses.
+ * It's created in a bid to investigate performance and find optimizations. */
+
+
+/*---  Dependencies  ---*/
+
+#include <stddef.h>   /* size_t */
+#include <stdlib.h>   /* malloc, free, abort, qsort*/
+#include <stdio.h>    /* fprintf */
+#include <limits.h>   /* UINT_MAX */
+#include <assert.h>   /* assert */
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "benchfn.h"
+#define ZSTD_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY
+#include "zstd.h"
+#include "zdict.h"
+
+
+/*---  Constants  --- */
+
+#define KB  *(1<<10)
+#define MB  *(1<<20)
+
+#define BLOCKSIZE_DEFAULT 0  /* no slicing into blocks */
+#define DICTSIZE  (4 KB)
+#define CLEVEL_DEFAULT 3
+#define DICT_LOAD_METHOD ZSTD_dlm_byCopy
+
+#define BENCH_TIME_DEFAULT_S   6
+#define RUN_TIME_DEFAULT_MS    1000
+#define BENCH_TIME_DEFAULT_MS (BENCH_TIME_DEFAULT_S * RUN_TIME_DEFAULT_MS)
+
+#define DISPLAY_LEVEL_DEFAULT 3
+
+#define BENCH_SIZE_MAX (1200 MB)
+
+
+/*---  Macros  ---*/
+
+#define CONTROL(c)   { if (!(c)) abort(); }
+#undef MIN
+#define MIN(a,b)     ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+
+/*---  Display Macros  ---*/
+
+#define DISPLAY(...)         fprintf(stdout, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DISPLAYLEVEL(l, ...) { if (g_displayLevel>=l) { DISPLAY(__VA_ARGS__); } }
+static int g_displayLevel = DISPLAY_LEVEL_DEFAULT;   /* 0 : no display,  1: errors,  2 : + result + interaction + warnings,  3 : + progression,  4 : + information */
+
+
+/*---  buffer_t  ---*/
+
+typedef struct {
+    void* ptr;
+    size_t size;
+    size_t capacity;
+} buffer_t;
+
+static const buffer_t kBuffNull = { NULL, 0, 0 };
+
+/* @return : kBuffNull if any error */
+static buffer_t createBuffer(size_t capacity)
+{
+    assert(capacity > 0);
+    void* const ptr = malloc(capacity);
+    if (ptr==NULL) return kBuffNull;
+
+    buffer_t buffer;
+    buffer.ptr = ptr;
+    buffer.capacity = capacity;
+    buffer.size = 0;
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+static void freeBuffer(buffer_t buff)
+{
+    free(buff.ptr);
+}
+
+
+static void fillBuffer_fromHandle(buffer_t* buff, FILE* f)
+{
+    size_t const readSize = fread(buff->ptr, 1, buff->capacity, f);
+    buff->size = readSize;
+}
+
+
+/* @return : kBuffNull if any error */
+static buffer_t createBuffer_fromFile(const char* fileName)
+{
+    U64 const fileSize = UTIL_getFileSize(fileName);
+    size_t const bufferSize = (size_t) fileSize;
+
+    if (fileSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) return kBuffNull;
+    assert((U64)bufferSize == fileSize);   /* check overflow */
+
+    {   FILE* const f = fopen(fileName, "rb");
+        if (f == NULL) return kBuffNull;
+
+        buffer_t buff = createBuffer(bufferSize);
+        CONTROL(buff.ptr != NULL);
+
+        fillBuffer_fromHandle(&buff, f);
+        CONTROL(buff.size == buff.capacity);
+
+        fclose(f);   /* do nothing specific if fclose() fails */
+        return buff;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* @return : kBuffNull if any error */
+static buffer_t
+createDictionaryBuffer(const char* dictionaryName,
+                       const void* srcBuffer,
+                       const size_t* srcBlockSizes, size_t nbBlocks,
+                       size_t requestedDictSize)
+{
+    if (dictionaryName) {
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "loading dictionary %s \n", dictionaryName);
+        return createBuffer_fromFile(dictionaryName);  /* note : result might be kBuffNull */
+
+    } else {
+
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "creating dictionary, of target size %u bytes \n",
+                        (unsigned)requestedDictSize);
+        void* const dictBuffer = malloc(requestedDictSize);
+        CONTROL(dictBuffer != NULL);
+
+        assert(nbBlocks <= UINT_MAX);
+        size_t const dictSize = ZDICT_trainFromBuffer(dictBuffer, requestedDictSize,
+                                                      srcBuffer,
+                                                      srcBlockSizes, (unsigned)nbBlocks);
+        CONTROL(!ZSTD_isError(dictSize));
+
+        buffer_t result;
+        result.ptr = dictBuffer;
+        result.capacity = requestedDictSize;
+        result.size = dictSize;
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+
+/*! BMK_loadFiles() :
+ *  Loads `buffer`, with content from files listed within `fileNamesTable`.
+ *  Fills `buffer` entirely.
+ * @return : 0 on success, !=0 on error */
+static int loadFiles(void* buffer, size_t bufferSize,
+                     size_t* fileSizes,
+                     const char* const * fileNamesTable, unsigned nbFiles)
+{
+    size_t pos = 0, totalSize = 0;
+
+    for (unsigned n=0; n<nbFiles; n++) {
+        U64 fileSize = UTIL_getFileSize(fileNamesTable[n]);
+        if (UTIL_isDirectory(fileNamesTable[n])) {
+            fileSizes[n] = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (fileSize == UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN) {
+            fileSizes[n] = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        FILE* const f = fopen(fileNamesTable[n], "rb");
+        assert(f!=NULL);
+
+        assert(pos <= bufferSize);
+        assert(fileSize <= bufferSize - pos);
+
+        {   size_t const readSize = fread(((char*)buffer)+pos, 1, (size_t)fileSize, f);
+            assert(readSize == fileSize);
+            pos += readSize;
+        }
+        fileSizes[n] = (size_t)fileSize;
+        totalSize += (size_t)fileSize;
+        fclose(f);
+    }
+
+    assert(totalSize == bufferSize);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*---  slice_collection_t  ---*/
+
+typedef struct {
+    void** slicePtrs;
+    size_t* capacities;
+    size_t nbSlices;
+} slice_collection_t;
+
+static const slice_collection_t kNullCollection = { NULL, NULL, 0 };
+
+static void freeSliceCollection(slice_collection_t collection)
+{
+    free(collection.slicePtrs);
+    free(collection.capacities);
+}
+
+/* shrinkSizes() :
+ * downsizes sizes of slices within collection, according to `newSizes`.
+ * every `newSizes` entry must be <= than its corresponding collection size */
+void shrinkSizes(slice_collection_t collection,
+                 const size_t* newSizes)  /* presumed same size as collection */
+{
+    size_t const nbSlices = collection.nbSlices;
+    for (size_t blockNb = 0; blockNb < nbSlices; blockNb++) {
+        assert(newSizes[blockNb] <= collection.capacities[blockNb]);
+        collection.capacities[blockNb] = newSizes[blockNb];
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* splitSlices() :
+ * nbSlices : if == 0, nbSlices is automatically determined from srcSlices and blockSize.
+ *            otherwise, creates exactly nbSlices slices,
+ *            by either truncating input (when smaller)
+ *            or repeating input from beginning */
+static slice_collection_t
+splitSlices(slice_collection_t srcSlices, size_t blockSize, size_t nbSlices)
+{
+    if (blockSize==0) blockSize = (size_t)(-1);   /* means "do not cut" */
+    size_t nbSrcBlocks = 0;
+    for (size_t ssnb=0; ssnb < srcSlices.nbSlices; ssnb++) {
+        size_t pos = 0;
+        while (pos <= srcSlices.capacities[ssnb]) {
+            nbSrcBlocks++;
+            pos += blockSize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (nbSlices == 0) nbSlices = nbSrcBlocks;
+
+    void** const sliceTable = (void**)malloc(nbSlices * sizeof(*sliceTable));
+    size_t* const capacities = (size_t*)malloc(nbSlices * sizeof(*capacities));
+    if (sliceTable == NULL || capacities == NULL) {
+        free(sliceTable);
+        free(capacities);
+        return kNullCollection;
+    }
+
+    size_t ssnb = 0;
+    for (size_t sliceNb=0; sliceNb < nbSlices; ) {
+        ssnb = (ssnb + 1) % srcSlices.nbSlices;
+        size_t pos = 0;
+        char* const ptr = (char*)srcSlices.slicePtrs[ssnb];
+        while (pos < srcSlices.capacities[ssnb] && sliceNb < nbSlices) {
+            size_t const size = MIN(blockSize, srcSlices.capacities[ssnb] - pos);
+            sliceTable[sliceNb] = ptr + pos;
+            capacities[sliceNb] = size;
+            sliceNb++;
+            pos += blockSize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    slice_collection_t result;
+    result.nbSlices = nbSlices;
+    result.slicePtrs = sliceTable;
+    result.capacities = capacities;
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static size_t sliceCollection_totalCapacity(slice_collection_t sc)
+{
+    size_t totalSize = 0;
+    for (size_t n=0; n<sc.nbSlices; n++)
+        totalSize += sc.capacities[n];
+    return totalSize;
+}
+
+
+/* ---  buffer collection  --- */
+
+typedef struct {
+    buffer_t buffer;
+    slice_collection_t slices;
+} buffer_collection_t;
+
+
+static void freeBufferCollection(buffer_collection_t bc)
+{
+    freeBuffer(bc.buffer);
+    freeSliceCollection(bc.slices);
+}
+
+
+static buffer_collection_t
+createBufferCollection_fromSliceCollectionSizes(slice_collection_t sc)
+{
+    size_t const bufferSize = sliceCollection_totalCapacity(sc);
+
+    buffer_t buffer = createBuffer(bufferSize);
+    CONTROL(buffer.ptr != NULL);
+
+    size_t const nbSlices = sc.nbSlices;
+    void** const slices = (void**)malloc(nbSlices * sizeof(*slices));
+    CONTROL(slices != NULL);
+
+    size_t* const capacities = (size_t*)malloc(nbSlices * sizeof(*capacities));
+    CONTROL(capacities != NULL);
+
+    char* const ptr = (char*)buffer.ptr;
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    for (size_t n=0; n < nbSlices; n++) {
+        capacities[n] = sc.capacities[n];
+        slices[n] = ptr + pos;
+        pos += capacities[n];
+    }
+
+    buffer_collection_t result;
+    result.buffer = buffer;
+    result.slices.nbSlices = nbSlices;
+    result.slices.capacities = capacities;
+    result.slices.slicePtrs = slices;
+    return result;
+}
+
+static buffer_collection_t
+createBufferCollection_fromSliceCollection(slice_collection_t sc)
+{
+    size_t const bufferSize = sliceCollection_totalCapacity(sc);
+
+    buffer_t buffer = createBuffer(bufferSize);
+    CONTROL(buffer.ptr != NULL);
+
+    size_t const nbSlices = sc.nbSlices;
+    void** const slices = (void**)malloc(nbSlices * sizeof(*slices));
+    CONTROL(slices != NULL);
+
+    size_t* const capacities = (size_t*)malloc(nbSlices * sizeof(*capacities));
+    CONTROL(capacities != NULL);
+
+    char* const ptr = (char*)buffer.ptr;
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    for (size_t n=0; n < nbSlices; n++) {
+        capacities[n] = sc.capacities[n];
+        slices[n] = ptr + pos;
+        pos += capacities[n];
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nbSlices; i++) {
+        memcpy(slices[i], sc.slicePtrs[i], sc.capacities[i]);
+        capacities[i] = sc.capacities[i];
+    }
+
+    buffer_collection_t result;
+    result.buffer = buffer;
+    result.slices.nbSlices = nbSlices;
+    result.slices.capacities = capacities;
+    result.slices.slicePtrs = slices;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* @return : kBuffNull if any error */
+static buffer_collection_t
+createBufferCollection_fromFiles(const char* const * fileNamesTable, unsigned nbFiles)
+{
+    U64 const totalSizeToLoad = UTIL_getTotalFileSize(fileNamesTable, nbFiles);
+    assert(totalSizeToLoad != UTIL_FILESIZE_UNKNOWN);
+    assert(totalSizeToLoad <= BENCH_SIZE_MAX);
+    size_t const loadedSize = (size_t)totalSizeToLoad;
+    assert(loadedSize > 0);
+    void* const srcBuffer = malloc(loadedSize);
+    assert(srcBuffer != NULL);
+
+    assert(nbFiles > 0);
+    size_t* const fileSizes = (size_t*)calloc(nbFiles, sizeof(*fileSizes));
+    assert(fileSizes != NULL);
+
+    /* Load input buffer */
+    int const errorCode = loadFiles(srcBuffer, loadedSize,
+                                    fileSizes,
+                                    fileNamesTable, nbFiles);
+    assert(errorCode == 0);
+
+    void** sliceTable = (void**)malloc(nbFiles * sizeof(*sliceTable));
+    assert(sliceTable != NULL);
+
+    char* const ptr = (char*)srcBuffer;
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    unsigned fileNb = 0;
+    for ( ; (pos < loadedSize) && (fileNb < nbFiles); fileNb++) {
+        sliceTable[fileNb] = ptr + pos;
+        pos += fileSizes[fileNb];
+    }
+    assert(pos == loadedSize);
+    assert(fileNb == nbFiles);
+
+
+    buffer_t buffer;
+    buffer.ptr = srcBuffer;
+    buffer.capacity = loadedSize;
+    buffer.size = loadedSize;
+
+    slice_collection_t slices;
+    slices.slicePtrs = sliceTable;
+    slices.capacities = fileSizes;
+    slices.nbSlices = nbFiles;
+
+    buffer_collection_t bc;
+    bc.buffer = buffer;
+    bc.slices = slices;
+    return bc;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*---  ddict_collection_t  ---*/
+
+typedef struct {
+    ZSTD_DDict** ddicts;
+    size_t nbDDict;
+} ddict_collection_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    ZSTD_CDict** cdicts;
+    size_t nbCDict;
+} cdict_collection_t;
+
+static const cdict_collection_t kNullCDictCollection = { NULL, 0 };
+
+static void freeCDictCollection(cdict_collection_t cdictc)
+{
+    for (size_t dictNb=0; dictNb < cdictc.nbCDict; dictNb++) {
+        ZSTD_freeCDict(cdictc.cdicts[dictNb]);
+    }
+    free(cdictc.cdicts);
+}
+
+/* returns .buffers=NULL if operation fails */
+static cdict_collection_t createCDictCollection(const void* dictBuffer, size_t dictSize, size_t nbCDict, ZSTD_dictContentType_e dictContentType, ZSTD_CCtx_params* cctxParams)
+{
+    ZSTD_CDict** const cdicts = malloc(nbCDict * sizeof(ZSTD_CDict*));
+    if (cdicts==NULL) return kNullCDictCollection;
+    for (size_t dictNb=0; dictNb < nbCDict; dictNb++) {
+        cdicts[dictNb] = ZSTD_createCDict_advanced2(dictBuffer, dictSize, DICT_LOAD_METHOD, dictContentType, cctxParams, ZSTD_defaultCMem);
+        CONTROL(cdicts[dictNb] != NULL);
+    }
+    cdict_collection_t cdictc;
+    cdictc.cdicts = cdicts;
+    cdictc.nbCDict = nbCDict;
+    return cdictc;
+}
+
+static const ddict_collection_t kNullDDictCollection = { NULL, 0 };
+
+static void freeDDictCollection(ddict_collection_t ddictc)
+{
+    for (size_t dictNb=0; dictNb < ddictc.nbDDict; dictNb++) {
+        ZSTD_freeDDict(ddictc.ddicts[dictNb]);
+    }
+    free(ddictc.ddicts);
+}
+
+/* returns .buffers=NULL if operation fails */
+static ddict_collection_t createDDictCollection(const void* dictBuffer, size_t dictSize, size_t nbDDict)
+{
+    ZSTD_DDict** const ddicts = malloc(nbDDict * sizeof(ZSTD_DDict*));
+    assert(ddicts != NULL);
+    if (ddicts==NULL) return kNullDDictCollection;
+    for (size_t dictNb=0; dictNb < nbDDict; dictNb++) {
+        ddicts[dictNb] = ZSTD_createDDict(dictBuffer, dictSize);
+        assert(ddicts[dictNb] != NULL);
+    }
+    ddict_collection_t ddictc;
+    ddictc.ddicts = ddicts;
+    ddictc.nbDDict = nbDDict;
+    return ddictc;
+}
+
+
+/* mess with addresses, so that linear scanning dictionaries != linear address scanning */
+void shuffleCDictionaries(cdict_collection_t dicts)
+{
+    size_t const nbDicts = dicts.nbCDict;
+    for (size_t r=0; r<nbDicts; r++) {
+        size_t const d = (size_t)rand() % nbDicts;
+        ZSTD_CDict* tmpd = dicts.cdicts[d];
+        dicts.cdicts[d] = dicts.cdicts[r];
+        dicts.cdicts[r] = tmpd;
+    }
+    for (size_t r=0; r<nbDicts; r++) {
+        size_t const d1 = (size_t)rand() % nbDicts;
+        size_t const d2 = (size_t)rand() % nbDicts;
+        ZSTD_CDict* tmpd = dicts.cdicts[d1];
+        dicts.cdicts[d1] = dicts.cdicts[d2];
+        dicts.cdicts[d2] = tmpd;
+    }
+}
+
+/* mess with addresses, so that linear scanning dictionaries != linear address scanning */
+void shuffleDDictionaries(ddict_collection_t dicts)
+{
+    size_t const nbDicts = dicts.nbDDict;
+    for (size_t r=0; r<nbDicts; r++) {
+        size_t const d = (size_t)rand() % nbDicts;
+        ZSTD_DDict* tmpd = dicts.ddicts[d];
+        dicts.ddicts[d] = dicts.ddicts[r];
+        dicts.ddicts[r] = tmpd;
+    }
+    for (size_t r=0; r<nbDicts; r++) {
+        size_t const d1 = (size_t)rand() % nbDicts;
+        size_t const d2 = (size_t)rand() % nbDicts;
+        ZSTD_DDict* tmpd = dicts.ddicts[d1];
+        dicts.ddicts[d1] = dicts.ddicts[d2];
+        dicts.ddicts[d2] = tmpd;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* ---   Compression  --- */
+
+/* compressBlocks() :
+ * @return : total compressed size of all blocks,
+ *        or 0 if error.
+ */
+static size_t compressBlocks(size_t* cSizes,   /* optional (can be NULL). If present, must contain at least nbBlocks fields */
+                             slice_collection_t dstBlockBuffers,
+                             slice_collection_t srcBlockBuffers,
+                             ZSTD_CDict* cdict, int cLevel)
+{
+    size_t const nbBlocks = srcBlockBuffers.nbSlices;
+    assert(dstBlockBuffers.nbSlices == srcBlockBuffers.nbSlices);
+
+    ZSTD_CCtx* const cctx = ZSTD_createCCtx();
+    assert(cctx != NULL);
+
+    size_t totalCSize = 0;
+    for (size_t blockNb=0; blockNb < nbBlocks; blockNb++) {
+        size_t cBlockSize;
+        if (cdict == NULL) {
+            cBlockSize = ZSTD_compressCCtx(cctx,
+                            dstBlockBuffers.slicePtrs[blockNb], dstBlockBuffers.capacities[blockNb],
+                            srcBlockBuffers.slicePtrs[blockNb], srcBlockBuffers.capacities[blockNb],
+                            cLevel);
+        } else {
+            cBlockSize = ZSTD_compress_usingCDict(cctx,
+                            dstBlockBuffers.slicePtrs[blockNb], dstBlockBuffers.capacities[blockNb],
+                            srcBlockBuffers.slicePtrs[blockNb], srcBlockBuffers.capacities[blockNb],
+                            cdict);
+        }
+        CONTROL(!ZSTD_isError(cBlockSize));
+        if (cSizes) cSizes[blockNb] = cBlockSize;
+        totalCSize += cBlockSize;
+    }
+    return totalCSize;
+}
+
+
+/* ---  Benchmark  --- */
+
+typedef struct {
+    ZSTD_CCtx* cctx;
+    size_t nbDicts;
+    size_t dictNb;
+    cdict_collection_t dictionaries;
+} compressInstructions;
+
+compressInstructions createCompressInstructions(cdict_collection_t dictionaries, ZSTD_CCtx_params* cctxParams)
+{
+    compressInstructions ci;
+    ci.cctx = ZSTD_createCCtx();
+    CONTROL(ci.cctx != NULL);
+    if (cctxParams)
+      ZSTD_CCtx_setParametersUsingCCtxParams(ci.cctx, cctxParams);
+    ci.nbDicts = dictionaries.nbCDict;
+    ci.dictNb = 0;
+    ci.dictionaries = dictionaries;
+    return ci;
+}
+
+void freeCompressInstructions(compressInstructions ci)
+{
+    ZSTD_freeCCtx(ci.cctx);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    ZSTD_DCtx* dctx;
+    size_t nbDicts;
+    size_t dictNb;
+    ddict_collection_t dictionaries;
+} decompressInstructions;
+
+decompressInstructions createDecompressInstructions(ddict_collection_t dictionaries)
+{
+    decompressInstructions di;
+    di.dctx = ZSTD_createDCtx();
+    assert(di.dctx != NULL);
+    di.nbDicts = dictionaries.nbDDict;
+    di.dictNb = 0;
+    di.dictionaries = dictionaries;
+    return di;
+}
+
+void freeDecompressInstructions(decompressInstructions di)
+{
+    ZSTD_freeDCtx(di.dctx);
+}
+
+/* benched function */
+size_t compress(const void* src, size_t srcSize, void* dst, size_t dstCapacity, void* payload)
+{
+    compressInstructions* const ci = (compressInstructions*) payload;
+    (void)dstCapacity;
+
+    ZSTD_CCtx_refCDict(ci->cctx, ci->dictionaries.cdicts[ci->dictNb]);
+    ZSTD_compress2(ci->cctx,
+            dst, srcSize,
+            src, srcSize);
+
+    ci->dictNb = ci->dictNb + 1;
+    if (ci->dictNb >= ci->nbDicts) ci->dictNb = 0;
+
+    return srcSize;
+}
+
+/* benched function */
+size_t decompress(const void* src, size_t srcSize, void* dst, size_t dstCapacity, void* payload)
+{
+    decompressInstructions* const di = (decompressInstructions*) payload;
+
+    size_t const result = ZSTD_decompress_usingDDict(di->dctx,
+                                        dst, dstCapacity,
+                                        src, srcSize,
+                                        di->dictionaries.ddicts[di->dictNb]);
+
+    di->dictNb = di->dictNb + 1;
+    if (di->dictNb >= di->nbDicts) di->dictNb = 0;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+typedef enum {
+  fastest = 0,
+  median = 1,
+} metricAggregatePref_e;
+
+/* compareFunction() :
+ * Sort input in decreasing order when used with qsort() */
+int compareFunction(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+  double x = *(const double *)a;
+  double y = *(const double *)b;
+  if (x < y)
+    return 1;
+  else if (x > y)
+    return -1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+double aggregateData(double *data, size_t size,
+                     metricAggregatePref_e metricAggregatePref)
+{
+  qsort(data, size, sizeof(*data), compareFunction);
+  if (metricAggregatePref == fastest)
+    return data[0];
+  else /* median */
+    return (data[(size - 1) / 2] + data[size / 2]) / 2;
+}
+
+static int benchMem(slice_collection_t dstBlocks, slice_collection_t srcBlocks,
+                    ddict_collection_t ddictionaries,
+                    cdict_collection_t cdictionaries, unsigned nbRounds,
+                    int benchCompression, const char *exeName,
+                    ZSTD_CCtx_params *cctxParams,
+                    metricAggregatePref_e metricAggregatePref)
+{
+    assert(dstBlocks.nbSlices == srcBlocks.nbSlices);
+    if (benchCompression) assert(cctxParams);
+
+    unsigned const ms_per_round = RUN_TIME_DEFAULT_MS;
+    unsigned const total_time_ms = nbRounds * ms_per_round;
+
+    double *const speedPerRound = (double *)malloc(nbRounds * sizeof(double));
+
+    BMK_timedFnState_t* const benchState =
+            BMK_createTimedFnState(total_time_ms, ms_per_round);
+
+    decompressInstructions di = createDecompressInstructions(ddictionaries);
+    compressInstructions ci =
+        createCompressInstructions(cdictionaries, cctxParams);
+    void* payload = benchCompression ? (void*)&ci : (void*)&di;
+    BMK_benchParams_t const bp = {
+        .benchFn = benchCompression ? compress : decompress,
+        .benchPayload = payload,
+        .initFn = NULL,
+        .initPayload = NULL,
+        .errorFn = ZSTD_isError,
+        .blockCount = dstBlocks.nbSlices,
+        .srcBuffers = (const void* const*) srcBlocks.slicePtrs,
+        .srcSizes = srcBlocks.capacities,
+        .dstBuffers = dstBlocks.slicePtrs,
+        .dstCapacities = dstBlocks.capacities,
+        .blockResults = NULL
+    };
+
+    size_t roundNb = 0;
+    for (;;) {
+        BMK_runOutcome_t const outcome = BMK_benchTimedFn(benchState, bp);
+        CONTROL(BMK_isSuccessful_runOutcome(outcome));
+
+        BMK_runTime_t const result = BMK_extract_runTime(outcome);
+        double const dTime_ns = result.nanoSecPerRun;
+        double const dTime_sec = (double)dTime_ns / 1000000000;
+        size_t const srcSize = result.sumOfReturn;
+        double const speed_MBps = (double)srcSize / dTime_sec / (1 MB);
+        speedPerRound[roundNb] = speed_MBps;
+        if (benchCompression)
+            DISPLAY("Compression Speed : %.1f MB/s \r", speed_MBps);
+        else
+            DISPLAY("Decompression Speed : %.1f MB/s \r", speed_MBps);
+
+        fflush(stdout);
+        if (BMK_isCompleted_TimedFn(benchState)) break;
+        roundNb++;
+    }
+    DISPLAY("\n");
+    /* BMK_benchTimedFn may not run exactly nbRounds iterations */
+    double speedAggregated =
+        aggregateData(speedPerRound, roundNb + 1, metricAggregatePref);
+    if (metricAggregatePref == fastest)
+      DISPLAY("Fastest Speed : %.1f MB/s \n", speedAggregated);
+    else
+      DISPLAY("Median Speed : %.1f MB/s \n", speedAggregated);
+
+    char* csvFileName = malloc(strlen(exeName) + 5);
+    strcpy(csvFileName, exeName);
+    strcat(csvFileName, ".csv");
+    FILE* csvFile = fopen(csvFileName, "r");
+    if (!csvFile) {
+        csvFile = fopen(csvFileName, "wt");
+        assert(csvFile);
+        fprintf(csvFile, "%s\n", exeName);
+        /* Print table headers */
+        fprintf(
+            csvFile,
+            "Compression/Decompression,Level,nbDicts,dictAttachPref,metricAggregatePref,Speed\n");
+    } else {
+        fclose(csvFile);
+        csvFile = fopen(csvFileName, "at");
+        assert(csvFile);
+    }
+
+    int cLevel = -1;
+    int dictAttachPref = -1;
+    if (benchCompression) {
+      ZSTD_CCtxParams_getParameter(cctxParams, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel,
+                                   &cLevel);
+      ZSTD_CCtxParams_getParameter(cctxParams, ZSTD_c_forceAttachDict,
+                                   &dictAttachPref);
+    }
+    fprintf(csvFile, "%s,%d,%ld,%d,%d,%.1f\n",
+            benchCompression ? "Compression" : "Decompression", cLevel,
+            benchCompression ? ci.nbDicts : di.nbDicts, dictAttachPref,
+            metricAggregatePref, speedAggregated);
+    fclose(csvFile);
+    free(csvFileName);
+
+    freeDecompressInstructions(di);
+    freeCompressInstructions(ci);
+    BMK_freeTimedFnState(benchState);
+
+    return 0;   /* success */
+}
+
+
+/*! bench() :
+ *  fileName : file to load for benchmarking purpose
+ *  dictionary : optional (can be NULL), file to load as dictionary,
+ *              if none provided : will be calculated on the fly by the program.
+ * @return : 0 is success, 1+ otherwise */
+int bench(const char **fileNameTable, unsigned nbFiles, const char *dictionary,
+          size_t blockSize, int clevel, unsigned nbDictMax, unsigned nbBlocks,
+          unsigned nbRounds, int benchCompression,
+          ZSTD_dictContentType_e dictContentType, ZSTD_CCtx_params *cctxParams,
+          const char *exeName, metricAggregatePref_e metricAggregatePref)
+{
+    int result = 0;
+
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "loading %u files... \n", nbFiles);
+    buffer_collection_t const srcs = createBufferCollection_fromFiles(fileNameTable, nbFiles);
+    CONTROL(srcs.buffer.ptr != NULL);
+    buffer_t srcBuffer = srcs.buffer;
+    size_t const srcSize = srcBuffer.size;
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "created src buffer of size %.1f MB \n",
+                    (double)srcSize / (1 MB));
+
+    slice_collection_t const srcSlices = splitSlices(srcs.slices, blockSize, nbBlocks);
+    nbBlocks = (unsigned)(srcSlices.nbSlices);
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "split input into %u blocks ", nbBlocks);
+    if (blockSize)
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "of max size %u bytes ", (unsigned)blockSize);
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "\n");
+    size_t const totalSrcSlicesSize = sliceCollection_totalCapacity(srcSlices);
+
+
+    size_t* const dstCapacities = malloc(nbBlocks * sizeof(*dstCapacities));
+    CONTROL(dstCapacities != NULL);
+    size_t dstBufferCapacity = 0;
+    for (size_t bnb=0; bnb<nbBlocks; bnb++) {
+        dstCapacities[bnb] = ZSTD_compressBound(srcSlices.capacities[bnb]);
+        dstBufferCapacity += dstCapacities[bnb];
+    }
+
+    buffer_t dstBuffer = createBuffer(dstBufferCapacity);
+    CONTROL(dstBuffer.ptr != NULL);
+
+    void** const sliceTable = malloc(nbBlocks * sizeof(*sliceTable));
+    CONTROL(sliceTable != NULL);
+
+    {   char* const ptr = dstBuffer.ptr;
+        size_t pos = 0;
+        for (size_t snb=0; snb < nbBlocks; snb++) {
+            sliceTable[snb] = ptr + pos;
+            pos += dstCapacities[snb];
+    }   }
+
+    slice_collection_t dstSlices;
+    dstSlices.capacities = dstCapacities;
+    dstSlices.slicePtrs = sliceTable;
+    dstSlices.nbSlices = nbBlocks;
+
+
+    /* dictionary determination */
+    buffer_t const dictBuffer = createDictionaryBuffer(dictionary,
+                                srcs.buffer.ptr,
+                                srcSlices.capacities, srcSlices.nbSlices,
+                                DICTSIZE);
+    CONTROL(dictBuffer.ptr != NULL);
+
+    ZSTD_CDict* const cdict = ZSTD_createCDict_advanced2(dictBuffer.ptr, dictBuffer.size, DICT_LOAD_METHOD, dictContentType, cctxParams, ZSTD_defaultCMem);
+    CONTROL(cdict != NULL);
+
+    size_t const cTotalSizeNoDict = compressBlocks(NULL, dstSlices, srcSlices, NULL, clevel);
+    CONTROL(cTotalSizeNoDict != 0);
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "compressing at level %u without dictionary : Ratio=%.2f  (%u bytes) \n",
+                    clevel,
+                    (double)totalSrcSlicesSize / (double)cTotalSizeNoDict, (unsigned)cTotalSizeNoDict);
+
+    size_t* const cSizes = malloc(nbBlocks * sizeof(size_t));
+    CONTROL(cSizes != NULL);
+
+    size_t const cTotalSize = compressBlocks(cSizes, dstSlices, srcSlices, cdict, clevel);
+    CONTROL(cTotalSize != 0);
+    DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "compressed using a %u bytes dictionary : Ratio=%.2f  (%u bytes) \n",
+                    (unsigned)dictBuffer.size,
+                    (double)totalSrcSlicesSize / (double)cTotalSize, (unsigned)cTotalSize);
+
+    /* now dstSlices contain the real compressed size of each block, instead of the maximum capacity */
+    shrinkSizes(dstSlices, cSizes);
+
+    unsigned const nbDicts = nbDictMax ? nbDictMax : nbBlocks;
+
+    cdict_collection_t const cdictionaries = createCDictCollection(dictBuffer.ptr, dictBuffer.size, nbDicts, dictContentType, cctxParams);
+    CONTROL(cdictionaries.cdicts != NULL);
+
+    ddict_collection_t const ddictionaries = createDDictCollection(dictBuffer.ptr, dictBuffer.size, nbDicts);
+    CONTROL(ddictionaries.ddicts != NULL);
+
+    if (benchCompression) {
+        size_t const dictMem = ZSTD_sizeof_CDict(cdictionaries.cdicts[0]);
+        size_t const allDictMem = dictMem * nbDicts;
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "generating %u dictionaries, using %.1f MB of memory \n",
+                        nbDicts, (double)allDictMem / (1 MB));
+
+        shuffleCDictionaries(cdictionaries);
+
+        buffer_collection_t resultCollection = createBufferCollection_fromSliceCollection(srcSlices);
+        CONTROL(resultCollection.buffer.ptr != NULL);
+
+        result = benchMem(dstSlices, resultCollection.slices, ddictionaries,
+                          cdictionaries, nbRounds, benchCompression, exeName,
+                          cctxParams, metricAggregatePref);
+
+        freeBufferCollection(resultCollection);
+    } else {
+        size_t const dictMem = ZSTD_estimateDDictSize(dictBuffer.size, DICT_LOAD_METHOD);
+        size_t const allDictMem = dictMem * nbDicts;
+        DISPLAYLEVEL(3, "generating %u dictionaries, using %.1f MB of memory \n",
+                        nbDicts, (double)allDictMem / (1 MB));
+
+        shuffleDDictionaries(ddictionaries);
+
+        buffer_collection_t resultCollection = createBufferCollection_fromSliceCollectionSizes(srcSlices);
+        CONTROL(resultCollection.buffer.ptr != NULL);
+
+        result = benchMem(resultCollection.slices, dstSlices, ddictionaries,
+                          cdictionaries, nbRounds, benchCompression, exeName,
+                          NULL, metricAggregatePref);
+
+        freeBufferCollection(resultCollection);
+    }
+
+    /* free all heap objects in reverse order */
+    freeCDictCollection(cdictionaries);
+    freeDDictCollection(ddictionaries);
+    free(cSizes);
+    ZSTD_freeCDict(cdict);
+    freeBuffer(dictBuffer);
+    freeSliceCollection(dstSlices);
+    freeBuffer(dstBuffer);
+    freeSliceCollection(srcSlices);
+    freeBufferCollection(srcs);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+
+/* ---  Command Line  --- */
+
+/*! readU32FromChar() :
+ * @return : unsigned integer value read from input in `char` format.
+ *  allows and interprets K, KB, KiB, M, MB and MiB suffix.
+ *  Will also modify `*stringPtr`, advancing it to position where it stopped reading.
+ *  Note : function will exit() program if digit sequence overflows */
+static unsigned readU32FromChar(const char** stringPtr)
+{
+    unsigned result = 0;
+    while ((**stringPtr >='0') && (**stringPtr <='9')) {
+        unsigned const max = (((unsigned)(-1)) / 10) - 1;
+        assert(result <= max);   /* check overflow */
+        result *= 10, result += (unsigned)**stringPtr - '0', (*stringPtr)++ ;
+    }
+    if ((**stringPtr=='K') || (**stringPtr=='M')) {
+        unsigned const maxK = ((unsigned)(-1)) >> 10;
+        assert(result <= maxK);   /* check overflow */
+        result <<= 10;
+        if (**stringPtr=='M') {
+            assert(result <= maxK);   /* check overflow */
+            result <<= 10;
+        }
+        (*stringPtr)++;  /* skip `K` or `M` */
+        if (**stringPtr=='i') (*stringPtr)++;
+        if (**stringPtr=='B') (*stringPtr)++;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/** longCommandWArg() :
+ *  check if *stringPtr is the same as longCommand.
+ *  If yes, @return 1 and advances *stringPtr to the position which immediately follows longCommand.
+ * @return 0 and doesn't modify *stringPtr otherwise.
+ */
+static int longCommandWArg(const char** stringPtr, const char* longCommand)
+{
+    size_t const comSize = strlen(longCommand);
+    int const result = !strncmp(*stringPtr, longCommand, comSize);
+    if (result) *stringPtr += comSize;
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+int usage(const char* exeName)
+{
+    DISPLAY (" \n");
+    DISPLAY (" %s [Options] filename(s) \n", exeName);
+    DISPLAY (" \n");
+    DISPLAY ("Options : \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-z          : benchmark compression (default) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-d          : benchmark decompression \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-r          : recursively load all files in subdirectories (default: off) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-B#         : split input into blocks of size # (default: no split) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-#          : use compression level # (default: %u) \n", CLEVEL_DEFAULT);
+    DISPLAY ("-D #        : use # as a dictionary (default: create one) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-i#         : nb benchmark rounds (default: %u) \n", BENCH_TIME_DEFAULT_S);
+    DISPLAY ("-p#         : print speed for all rounds 0=fastest 1=median (default: 0) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("--nbBlocks=#: use # blocks for bench (default: one per file) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("--nbDicts=# : create # dictionaries for bench (default: one per block) \n");
+    DISPLAY ("-h          : help (this text) \n");
+    DISPLAY (" \n");
+    DISPLAY ("Advanced Options (see zstd.h for documentation) : \n");
+    DISPLAY ("--dedicated-dict-search\n");
+    DISPLAY ("--dict-content-type=#\n");
+    DISPLAY ("--dict-attach-pref=#\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int bad_usage(const char* exeName)
+{
+    DISPLAY (" bad usage : \n");
+    usage(exeName);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int main (int argc, const char** argv)
+{
+    int recursiveMode = 0;
+    int benchCompression = 1;
+    int dedicatedDictSearch = 0;
+    unsigned nbRounds = BENCH_TIME_DEFAULT_S;
+    const char* const exeName = argv[0];
+
+    if (argc < 2) return bad_usage(exeName);
+
+    const char** nameTable = (const char**)malloc((size_t)argc * sizeof(const char*));
+    assert(nameTable != NULL);
+    unsigned nameIdx = 0;
+
+    const char* dictionary = NULL;
+    int cLevel = CLEVEL_DEFAULT;
+    size_t blockSize = BLOCKSIZE_DEFAULT;
+    unsigned nbDicts = 0;  /* determine nbDicts automatically: 1 dictionary per block */
+    unsigned nbBlocks = 0; /* determine nbBlocks automatically, from source and blockSize */
+    ZSTD_dictContentType_e dictContentType = ZSTD_dct_auto;
+    ZSTD_dictAttachPref_e dictAttachPref = ZSTD_dictDefaultAttach;
+    ZSTD_paramSwitch_e prefetchCDictTables = ZSTD_ps_auto;
+    metricAggregatePref_e metricAggregatePref = fastest;
+
+    for (int argNb = 1; argNb < argc ; argNb++) {
+        const char* argument = argv[argNb];
+        if (!strcmp(argument, "-h")) { free(nameTable); return usage(exeName); }
+        if (!strcmp(argument, "-d")) { benchCompression = 0; continue; }
+        if (!strcmp(argument, "-z")) { benchCompression = 1; continue; }
+        if (!strcmp(argument, "-r")) { recursiveMode = 1; continue; }
+        if (!strcmp(argument, "-D")) { argNb++; assert(argNb < argc); dictionary = argv[argNb]; continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "-i")) { nbRounds = readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "-p")) { metricAggregatePref = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); continue;}
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--dictionary=")) { dictionary = argument; continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "-B")) { blockSize = readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--blockSize=")) { blockSize = readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--nbDicts=")) { nbDicts = readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--nbBlocks=")) { nbBlocks = readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--clevel=")) { cLevel = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--dedicated-dict-search")) { dedicatedDictSearch = 1; continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--dict-content-type=")) { dictContentType = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--dict-attach-pref=")) { dictAttachPref = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "--prefetch-cdict-tables=")) { prefetchCDictTables = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        if (longCommandWArg(&argument, "-")) { cLevel = (int)readU32FromChar(&argument); continue; }
+        /* anything that's not a command is a filename */
+        nameTable[nameIdx++] = argument;
+    }
+
+    FileNamesTable* filenameTable;
+
+    if (recursiveMode) {
+#ifndef UTIL_HAS_CREATEFILELIST
+        assert(0);   /* missing capability, do not run */
+#endif
+        filenameTable = UTIL_createExpandedFNT(nameTable, nameIdx, 1 /* follow_links */);
+    } else {
+        filenameTable = UTIL_assembleFileNamesTable(nameTable, nameIdx, NULL);
+        nameTable = NULL;  /* UTIL_createFileNamesTable() takes ownership of nameTable */
+    }
+
+    ZSTD_CCtx_params* cctxParams = ZSTD_createCCtxParams();
+    ZSTD_CCtxParams_init(cctxParams, cLevel);
+    ZSTD_CCtxParams_setParameter(cctxParams, ZSTD_c_enableDedicatedDictSearch, dedicatedDictSearch);
+    ZSTD_CCtxParams_setParameter(cctxParams, ZSTD_c_nbWorkers, 0);
+    ZSTD_CCtxParams_setParameter(cctxParams, ZSTD_c_forceAttachDict, dictAttachPref);
+    ZSTD_CCtxParams_setParameter(cctxParams, ZSTD_c_prefetchCDictTables, prefetchCDictTables);
+
+    int result =
+        bench(filenameTable->fileNames, (unsigned)filenameTable->tableSize,
+              dictionary, blockSize, cLevel, nbDicts, nbBlocks, nbRounds,
+              benchCompression, dictContentType, cctxParams, exeName,
+              metricAggregatePref);
+
+    UTIL_freeFileNamesTable(filenameTable);
+    free(nameTable);
+    ZSTD_freeCCtxParams(cctxParams);
+
+    return result;
+}