1 Delta modulation channel tutorial 1.0
4 Last updated: August 20th, 2000.
6 All results were obtained by studying prior information available (from
7 nestech 1.00, and postings on NESDev from miscellanious people), and through
8 a series of experiments conducted by me. Results aquired by individuals
9 prior to my reverse-engineering have been double checked, and final results
10 have been confirmed. Credit is due to those individual(s) who contributed
11 any information in regards to the DMC.
16 The delta modulation channel (DMC) is a complex digital network of counters
17 and registers used to produce analog sound. It's primary function is to play
18 "samples" from memory, and have an internal counter connected to a digital
19 to analog converter (DAC) updated accordingly. The channel is able to be
20 assigned a pointer to a chunk of memory to be played. At timed intervals,
21 the DMC will halt the 2A03 (NES's CPU) for 1 clock cycle to retrieve the
22 sample to pe played. This method of playback will be refered to here on as
23 direct memory access (DMA). Another method of playback known as pulse code
24 modulation (PCM) is available by the channel, which requires the constant
25 updating of one of the DMC's memory-mapped registers.
30 The DMC has 5 registers assigned to it. They are as follows:
32 $4010: play mode and DMA frequency
34 $4012: play code's starting address
35 $4013: length of play code
38 Note that $4015 is the only R/W register. All others are write only (attempt
39 to read them will most likely result in a returned 040H, due to heavy
40 capacitance on the NES's data bus).
42 $4010 - Play mode and DMA frequency
43 -----------------------------------
44 This register is used to control the frequency of the DMA fetches, and to
45 control the playback mode.
49 6-7 this is the playback mode.
51 00 - play DMC sample until length counter reaches 0 (see $4013)
52 x1 - loop the DMC sample (x = immaterial)
53 10 - play DMC sample until length counter reaches 0, then generate a CPU
56 Looping (playback mode "x1") will have the chunk of memory played over and
57 over, until the channel is disabled (via $4015). In this case, after the
58 length counter reaches 0, it will be reloaded with the calculated length
61 If playback mode "10" is chosen, an interrupt will be dispached when the
62 length counter reaches 0 (after the sample is done playing). There are 2
63 ways to acknowledge the DMC's interrupt request upon recieving it. The first
64 is a write to this register ($4010), with the MSB (bit 7) cleared (0). The
65 second is any write to $4015 (see the $4015 register description for more
68 If playback mode "00" is chosen, the sample plays until the length counter
69 reaches 0. No interrupt is generated.
71 5-4 appear to be unused
73 3-0 this is the DMC frequency control. Valid values are from 0 - F. The
74 value of this register determines how many CPU clocks to wait before the DMA
75 will fetch another byte from memory. The # of clocks to wait -1 is initially
76 loaded into an internal 12-bit down counter. The down counter is then
77 decremented at the frequency of the CPU (1.79MHz). The channel fetches the
78 next DMC sample byte when the count reaches 0, and then reloads the count.
79 This process repeats until the channel is disabled by $4015, or when the
80 length counter has reached 0 (if not in the looping playback mode). The
81 exact number of CPU clock cycles is as follows:
84 written clocks octave scale
85 ------- ------ ------ -----
103 The octave and scale values shown represent the DMC DMA clock cycle rate
104 equivelant. These values are merely shown for the music enthusiast
105 programmer, who is more familiar with notes than clock cycles.
107 Every fetched byte is loaded into a internal 8-bit shift register. The shift
108 register is then clocked at 8x the DMA frequency (which means that the CPU
109 clock count would be 1/8th that of the DMA clock count), or shifted at +3
110 the octave of the DMA (same scale). The data shifted out of the register is
111 in serial form, and the least significant bit (LSB, or bit 0) of the fetched
112 byte is the first one to be shifted out (then bit 1, bit 2, etc.).
114 The bits shifted out are then fed to the UP/DOWN control pin of the internal
115 delta counter, which will effectively have the counter increment it's
116 retained value by one on "1" bit samples, and decrement it's value by one on
117 "0" bit samples. This counter is clocked at the same frequency of the shift
120 The counter is only 6 bits in size, and has it's 6 outputs tied to the 6 MSB
121 inputs of a 7 bit DAC. The analog output of the DAC is then what you hear
122 being played by the DMC.
124 Wrap around counting is not allowed on this counter. Instead, a "clipping"
125 behaviour is exhibited. If the internal value of the counter has reached 0,
126 and the next bit sample is a 0 (instructing a decrement), the counter will
127 take no action. Likewise, if the counter's value is currently at -1
128 (111111B, or 03FH), and the bit sample to be played is a 1, the counter will
132 $4011 - Delta counter load register
133 -----------------------------------
137 7 appears to be unused
138 1-6 the load inputs of the internal delta counter
141 A write to this register effectively loads the internal delta counter with a
142 6 bit value, but can be used for 7 bit PCM playback. Bit 0 is connected
143 directly to the LSB (bit 0) of the DAC, and has no effect on the internal
144 delta counter. Bit 7 appears to be unused.
146 This register can be used to output direct 7-bit digital PCM data to the
147 DMC's audio output. To use this register for PCM playback, the programmer
148 would be responsible for making sure that this register is updated at a
149 constant rate. The rate is completely user-definable. For the regular CD
150 quality 44100 Hz playback sample rate, this register would have to be
151 written to approximately every 40 CPU cycles (assuming the 2A03 is running @
155 $4012 - DMA address load register
156 ----------------------------
158 This register contains the initial address where the DMC is to fetch samples
159 from memory for playback. The effective address value is $4012 shl 6 or
160 0C000H. This register is connected to the load pins of the internal DMA
161 address pointer register (counter). The counter is incremented after every
162 DMA byte fetch. The counter is 15 bits in size, and has addresses wrap
163 around from $FFFF to $8000 (not $C000, as you might have guessed). The DMA
164 address pointer register is reloaded with the initial calculated address,
165 when the DMC is activated from an inactive state, or when the length counter
166 has arrived at terminal count (count=0), if in the looping playback mode.
169 $4013 - DMA length register
170 ---------------------------
172 This register contains the length of the chunk of memory to be played by the
173 DMC, and it's size is measured in bytes. The value of $4013 shl 4 is loaded
174 into a 12 bit internal down counter, dubbed the length counter. The length
175 counter is decremented after every DMA fetch, and when it arrives at 0, the
176 DMC will take action(s) based on the 2 MSB of $4010. This counter will be
177 loaded with the current calculated address value of $4013 when the DMC is
178 activated from an inactive state. Because the value that is loaded by the
179 length counter is $4013 shl 4, this effectively produces a calculated byte
180 sample length of $4013 shl 4 + 1 (i.e. if $4013=0, sample length is 1 byte
181 long; if $4013=FF, sample length is $FF1 bytes long).
187 This contains the current status of the DMC channel. There are 2 read bits,
192 7(R) DMC's IRQ status (1=CPU IRQ being caused by DMC)
193 4(R) DMC is currently enabled (playing a stream of samples)
194 4(W) enable/disable DMC (1=start/continue playing a sample;0=stop playing)
196 When an IRQ goes off inside the 2A03, Bit 7 of $4015 can tell the interrupt
197 handler if it was caused by the DMC hardware or not. This bit will be set
198 (1) if the DMC is responsible for the IRQ. Of course, if your program has no
199 other IRQ-generating hardware going while it's using the DMC, then reading
200 this register is not neccessary upon IRQ generation. Note that reading this
201 register will NOT clear bit 7 (meaning that the DMC's IRQ will still NOT be
202 acknowledged). Also note that if the 2 MSB of $4010 were set to 10, no IRQ
203 will be generated, and bit 7 will always be 0.
205 Upon generation of a IRQ, to let the DMC know that the software has
206 acknowledged the /IRQ (and to reset the DMC's internal IRQ flag), any write
207 out to $4015 will reset the flag, or a write out to $4010 with the MSB set
208 to 0 will do. These practices should be performed inside the IRQ handler
209 routine. To replay the same sample that just finished, all you need to do is
210 just write a 1 out to bit 4 of $4015.
212 Bit 4 of $4015 reports the real-time status of the DMC. A returned value of
213 1 denotes that the channel is currently playing a stream of samples. A
214 returned value of 0 indicates that the channel is inactive. If the
215 programmer needed to know when a stream of samples was finished playing, but
216 didn't want to use the IRQ generation feature of the DMC, then polling this
217 bit would be a valid option.
219 Writing a value to $4015's 4th bit has the effect of enabling the channel
220 (start, or continue playing a stream of samples), or disabling the channel
221 (stop all DMC activity). Note that writing a 1 to this bit while the channel
222 is currently enabled, will have no effect on counters or registers internal
225 The conditions that control the time the DMC will stay enabled are
226 determined by the 2 MSB of $4010, and register $4013 (if applicable).
232 On system reset, all 7 used bits of $4011 are reset to 0, the IRQ flag is
233 cleared (disabled), and the channel is disabled. All other registers will